It includes new nuclear reactor technologies that are safer and more efficient. In this context, a number of important issues are being developed, especially in relation to hydrogen production. Some of these developments include:

• Non-Electric Applications for Small Modular Reactors: The use of small modular reactors for non-electric applications, such as hydrogen production, is being explored under the Joint Use Modular Plant (JUMP) research programme in the US.

• Thermochemical reactions for the breakdown of the water molecule and the use of complex thermochemical cycles: In the future, advanced nuclear reactors are expected to serve as a heat source for the thermal production of hydrogen. These high-temperature reactors can also be used to obtain hydrogen from thermochemical cycles such as S-I or Br-Ca. Some designs of these reactors could reach coolant outlet temperatures of between 800 and 1000°C.

• Use of Nuclear Plant Steam for high temperature electrolysis: The use of steam from nuclear plants could be more economical than steam from natural gas combustion and also reduce the carbon intensity of the hydrogen produced. In addition, the electricity and heat produced by nuclear plants (at temperature levels of around 400°C+) could be used to provide electricity and steam for SOEC (Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell) electrolysis. Research is underway to develop materials for SOEC electrolysis that are suitable for the temperature levels of nuclear power heat sources.

These developments in the area of Advanced Nuclear Energy are in line with efforts to create more sustainable and efficient energy sources, and demonstrate the potential of using nuclear heat in advanced industrial processes such as hydrogen production.